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中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women
第一条为了保障妇女的合法权益，促进男女平等，充分发挥妇女在社会主义现代化建设中的作用，根据宪法和我国的实际情况，制定本法。
Article 1. In accordance with the Constitution and the actual conditions of the country, this Law is formulated to protect women's lawful rights and interests, promote the equality between men and women and allow full play to women's role in socialist modernization.
第二条妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等方面享有与男子平等的权利。
Article 2. Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life.
国家保护妇女依法享有的特殊权益，逐步完善对妇女的社会保障制度。
The state shall protect the special rights and interests enjoyed by women according to law, and gradually perfect its social security system with respect to women.
禁止歧视、虐待、残害妇女。
Discrimination against, maltreatment of, or cruel treatment in any manner causing injury even death of women shall be prohibited.
第三条保障妇女的合法权益是全社会的共同责任。国家机关、社会团体、企业事业单位、城乡基层群众性自治组织，应当依照本法和有关法律的规定，保障妇女的权益。
Article 3. The protection of women's lawful rights and interests is a common responsibility of the whole society. State organs, public organizations, enterprises and institutions as well as urban and rural mass organizations of self-government at the grass-roots level shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws, protect women's rights and interests.
国家采取有效措施，为妇女依法行使权利提供必要的条件。
The state shall take effective measures to provide necessary conditions for women to exercise their rights according to law.
第四条国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，采取组织措施，协调有关部门做好妇女权益的保障工作。具体机构由国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府规定。
Article 4. The State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, by taking organizational measures, coordinate with relevant departments in ensuring the protection of women's rights and interests. The specific organs shall be designated by the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
第五条中华全国妇女联合会和各级妇女联合会代表和维护各族各界妇女的利益，做好保障妇女权益的工作。
Article 5. The All-China Women's Federation and women's federations at various levels shall represent and uphold the rights of women of all nationalities and all walks of life, and strive for the protection of women's rights and interests.
工会、共产主义青年团，应当在各自的工作范围内，做好保障妇女权益的工作。
The trade unions and the Communist Youth League organizations shall also, within the scope of their respective work, strive for the protection of women's rights and interests.
第六条国家鼓励妇女自尊、自信、自立、自强，运用法律维护自身合法权益。
Article 6. The state shall encourage women to cultivate a sense of self-respect, self-confidence, self-reliance and self-strengthening, and to safeguard their own lawful rights and interests by utilizing law.
妇女应当遵守国家法律，尊重社会公德，履行法律所规定的义务。
Women shall abide by the laws of the state, respect social morality and perform their obligations prescribed by law.
第七条对保障妇女合法权益成绩显著的组织和个人，各级人民政府和有关部门给予表彰和奖励。
Article 7. People's governments at various levels and relevant departments shall commend and award the organizations and individuals that have made notable achievements in the protection of women's lawful rights and interests.
第二章政治权利
CHAPTER II POLITICAL RIGHTS
第八条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的政治权利。
Article 8. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy equal political rights with men.
第九条妇女有权通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。
Article 9. Women have the right to conduct state affairs, manage economic and cultural undertakings and administer social affairs through various channels and in various ways.
第十条妇女享有与男子平等的选举权和被选举权。
Article 10. Women shall enjoy the equal right, with men, to vote and to stand for election.
全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会的代表中，应当有适当数量的妇女代表，并逐步提高妇女代表的比例。
Among deputies to the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels, there shall be an appropriate number of women deputies, and the proportion thereof shall be raised gradually.
第十一条国家积极培养和选拔女干部。
Article 11. The state shall actively train and select female cadres.
国家机关、社会团体、企业事业单位在任用干部时必须坚持男女平等的原则，重视培养、选拔女干部担任领导成员。
State organs, public organizations, enterprises and institutions must, in appointing cadres, adhere to the principle of equality between men and women, and attach importance to the training and selection of female cadres for leading posts.
国家重视培养和选拔少数民族女干部。
The state shall pay attention to the training and selection of female cadres of minority nationalities.
第十二条各级妇女联合会及其团体会员，可以向国家机关、社会团体、企业事业单位推荐女干部。
Article 12. Women's federations at various levels and their member organizations may recommend female cadres to state organs, public organizations, enterprises or institutions.
第十三条对于有关保障妇女权益的批评或者合理建议，有关部门应当听取和采纳；对于有关侵害妇女权益的申诉、控告和检举，有关部门必须查清事实，负责处理，任何组织或者个人不得压制或者打击报复。
Article 13. The departments concerned shall listen to and accept criticisms or rational suggestions regarding the protection of women's rights and interests; with respect to complaints or charges against, or exposures of infringement upon women's rights and interests, the departments concerned must ascertain the facts, and be responsible for the disposition thereof; no organization or individual may suppress such complaints, charges or exposures or resort to retaliation.
第三章文化教育权益
CHAPTER III RIGHTS AND INTERESTS RELATING TO CULTURE AND EDUCATION
第十四条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的文化教育权利。
Article 14. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy equal rights with men with respect to culture and education.
第十五条学校和有关部门应当执行国家有关规定，保障妇女在入学、升学、毕业分配、授予学位、派出留学等方面享有与男子平等的权利。
Article 15. Schools and departments concerned shall, by implementing the relevant regulations of the state, guarantee that women enjoy equal rights with men in such aspects as starting school, entering a higher school, job assignment upon graduation, conferment of academic degrees and dispatch for study abroad.
第十六条学校应当根据女性青少年的特点，在教育、管理、设施等方面采取措施，保障女性青少年身心健康发展。
Article 16. Schools shall, in line with the characteristics of female adolescents, take measures in respect of education, management and facilities so as to ensure their sound development in body and in mind.
第十七条父母或者其他监护人必须履行保障适龄女性儿童少年接受义务教育的义务。
Article 17. Parents or other guardians must perform their duty of ensuring that female school-age children or adolescents receive the compulsory education.
除因疾病或者其他特殊情况经当地人民政府批准的以外，对不送适龄女性儿童少年入学的父母或者其他监护人，由当地人民政府予以批评教育，并采取有效措施，责令送适龄女性儿童少年入学。
Where parents or other guardians fail to send female school-age children or adolescents to school, the local people's governments shall admonish and criticize them and, by adopting effective measures, order them to send their female school-age children or adolescents to school, with the exception of those who, on account of illness or other special circumstances, are allowed by the local people's governments not to go to school.
政府、社会、学校应针对适龄女性儿童少年就学存在的实际困难，采取有效措施，保证适龄女性儿童少年受完当地规定年限的义务教育。
The governments, society and schools shall, in the light of the actual difficulties of female school-age children or adolescents in schooling, take effective measures to ensure that female school-age children or adolescents receive compulsory education for the number of years locally prescribed.
第十八条各级人民政府应当依照规定把扫除妇女中的文盲、半文盲工作，纳入扫盲和扫盲后继续教育规划，采取符合妇女特点的组织形式和工作方法，组织、监督有关部门具体实施。
Article 18. People's governments at various levels shall, in accordance with relevant provisions, incorporate the work of elimination of illiteracy or semi-literacy among women into plans for illiteracy elimination and post-elimination education, adopt organizational forms and working methods suitable to women's characteristics, and organize and supervise the relevant departments in the implementation of such plans.
第十九条各级人民政府和有关部门应当采取措施，组织妇女接受职业教育和技术培训。
Article 19. People's governments at various levels and departments concerned shall take measures to organize women in receiving vocational education and technological training.
第二十条国家机关、社会团体和企业事业单位应当执行国家有关规定，保障妇女从事科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化活动，享有与男子平等的权利。
Article 20. State organs, public organizations, enterprises and institutions shall,by implementing relevant regulations of the state, ensure that women enjoy equal rights with men in their participation in scientific, technological, literary, artistic and other cultural activities.
第四章劳动权益
CHAPTER IV RIGHTS AND INTERESTS RELATING TO WORK
第二十一条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的劳动权利。
Article 21. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy the equal right, with men, to work.
第二十二条各单位在录用职工时，除不适合妇女的工种或者岗位外，不得以性别为由拒绝录用妇女或者提高对妇女的录用标准。
Article 22. With the exception of the special types of work or post unsuitable to women, no unit may, in employing staff and workers, refuse to employ women by reason of sex or raise the employment standards for women.
禁止招收未满十六周岁的女工。
Recruitment of female workers under the age of sixteen shall be prohibited.
第二十三条实行男女同工同酬。
Article 23. Equal pay for equal work shall be applied to men and women alike.
在分配住房和享受福利待遇方面男女平等。
Women shall be equal with men in the allotment of housing and enjoyment of welfare benefits.
第二十四条在晋职、晋级、评定专业技术职务等方面，应当坚持男女平等的原则，不得歧视妇女。
Article 24. In such aspects as promotion in post or in rank, evaluation and determination of professional and technological titles, the principle of equality between men and women shall be upheld and discrimination against women shall not be allowed.
第二十五条任何单位均应根据妇女的特点，依法保护妇女在工作和劳动时的安全和健康，不得安排不适合妇女从事的工作和劳动。
Article 25. All units shall, in line with women's characteristics and according to law, protect women's safety and health during their work or physical labour, and shall not assign them any work or physical labour not suitable to women.
妇女在经期、孕期、产期、哺乳期受特殊保护。
Women shall be under special protection during menstrual period, pregnancy, obstetrical period and nursing period.
第二十六条任何单位不得以结婚、怀孕、产假、哺乳等为由，辞退女职工或者单方解除劳动合同。
Article 26. No unit may dismiss woman staff and workers or unilaterally terminate labour contracts with them by reason of marriage, pregnancy, maternity leave or baby-nursing.
第二十七条国家发展社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业，为年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的妇女获得物质资助创造条件。
Article 27. The state shall develop social insurance, social relief and medical and health services to create conditions allowing old, ill or disabled women to obtain material assistance.
第五章财产权益
CHAPTER V RIGHTS AND INTERESTS RELATING TO PROPERTY
第二十八条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的财产权利。
Article 28. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy the equal right, with men, to property.
第二十九条在婚姻、家庭共有财产关系中，不得侵害妇女依法享有的权益。
Article 29. In joint property relationship derived from marriage or family, the rights and interests enjoyed by women according to law may not be infringed upon.
第三十条农村划分责任田、口粮田等，以及批准宅基地，妇女与男子享有平等权利，不得侵害妇女的合法权益。
Article 30. Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in the allotment of responsibility farmland, or grain ration farmland and in the approval of housing sites in rural areas, and women's lawful rights thereto shall not be infringed upon.
妇女结婚、离婚后，其责任田、口粮田和宅基地等，应当受到保障。
After marriage or divorce, women's responsibility farmland, grain ration farmland and housing sites shall be secured.
第三十一条妇女享有的与男子平等的财产继承权受法律保护。在同一顺序法定继承人中，不得歧视妇女。
Article 31. Women's equal right, with men, of succession to property shall be protected by law. Among the statutory successors in the same order, women shall not be discriminated against.
丧偶妇女有权处分继承的财产，任何人不得干涉。
Widowed women have the right to dispose of the property inherited by them, and no one may interfere with the disposition thereof.
第三十二条丧偶妇女对公、婆尽了主要赡养义务的，作为公、婆的第一顺序法定继承人，其继承权不受子女代位继承的影响。
Article 32. Widowed women who have made the predominant contributions in maintaining their parents-in-law shall be regarded as the statutory successors first in order, and their rights of succession thereto shall not be affected by inheritance in subrogation.
第六章人身权利
CHAPTER VI RIGHTS RELATING TO THE PERSON
第三十三条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的人身权利。
Article 33. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy equal rights with men relating to their persons.
第三十四条妇女的人身自由不受侵犯。禁止非法拘禁和以其他非法手段剥夺或者限制妇女的人身自由；禁止非法搜查妇女的身体。
Article 34. Women's freedom of the person shall be inviolable. Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of women's freedom of the person by other illegal means shall be prohibited; and unlawful body search of women shall be prohibited.
第三十五条妇女的生命健康权不受侵犯。禁止溺、弃、残害女婴；禁止歧视、虐待生育女婴的妇女和不育妇女；禁止用迷信、暴力手段残害妇女；禁止虐待、遗弃老年妇女。
Article 35. Women's right of life and health shall be inviolable. Drowning, abandoning or cruel infanticide in any manner of female babies shall be prohibited; discrimination against or maltreatment of women who gave birth to female babies or women who are sterile shall be prohibited; cruel treatment causing injury even death of women by superstition or violence shall be prohibited; maltreatment or abandonment of aged women shall be prohibited.
第三十六条禁止拐卖、绑架妇女；禁止收买被拐卖、绑架的妇女。
Article 36. Abduction of and trafficking in, or kidnapping of women shall be prohibited; buying of women who are abducted and trafficked in, or kidnapped shall be prohibited.
人民政府和有关部门必须及时采取措施解救被拐卖、绑架的妇女。被拐卖、绑架的妇女返回原籍的，任何人不得歧视，当地人民政府和有关部门应当做好善后工作。
People's governments and relevant departments must take timely measures to rescue women who are abducted and trafficked in, or kidnapped. If such women have returned to their former places of residence, nobody may discriminate against them, and the local people's governments and relevant departments shall well settle the problems arising thereafter.
第三十七条禁止卖淫、嫖猖。
Article 37. Prostitution or whoring shall be prohibited.
禁止组织、强迫、引诱、容留、介绍妇女卖淫或者雇用、容留妇女与他人进行猥亵活动。
It is prohibited for anyone to organize, force, seduce, shelter or introduce a woman to engage in prostitution or employ or shelter a woman to engage in obscene activities with others.
第三十八条妇女的肖像权受法律保护。未经本人同意，不得以营利为目的，通过广告、商标、展览橱窗、书刊、杂志等形式使用妇女肖像。
Article 38. Women's right of portrait shall be protected by law. The use of a woman's portrait for profit-making purposes in advertisements, trademarks, window display, books, magazines, etc., without the consent of the interested woman shall be prohibited.
第三十九条妇女的名誉权和人格尊严受法律保护。禁止用侮辱、诽谤、宣扬隐私等方式损害妇女的名誉和人格。
Article 39. Women's right of reputation and personal dignity shall be protected by law. Damage to women's reputation or personal dignity by such means as insult, libel and giving publicity to private affairs shall be prohibited.
第七章婚姻家庭权益
CHAPTER VII RIGHTS AND INTERESTS RELATING TO MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
第四十条国家保障妇女享有与男子平等的婚姻家庭权利。
Article 40. The state shall guarantee that women enjoy equal rights with men in marriage and family.
第四十一条国家保护妇女的婚姻自主权。禁止干涉妇女的结婚、离婚自由。
Article 41. The state shall protect women's right of self-determination in marriage. Interference with women's freedom of marriage or divorce shall be prohibited.
第四十二条女方按照计划生育的要求中止妊娠的，在手术后六个月内，男方不得提出离婚；女方提出离婚，或者人民法院认为确有必要受理男方离婚请求的，不在此限。
Article 42. When a wife terminates gestation as required by the family planning programme, her husband may not apply for a divorce within six months after the operation; this restriction shall not apply in a cases where the wife applies for a divorce, or when the people's court deems it necessary to accept the divorce application made by the husband.
第四十三条妇女对依照法律规定的夫妻共同财产享有与其配偶平等的占有、使用、收益和处分的权利，不受双方收入状况的影响。
Article 43. A woman shall enjoy equal rights with her spouse in possessing, utilizing, profiting from and disposing of the property jointly possessed by the husband and wife according to law, which shall not be affected by the status of income of either party.
第四十四条国家保护离婚妇女的房屋所有权。
Article 44. The state shall protect divorced women's ownership of their houses.
夫妻共有的房屋，离婚时，分割住房由双方协议解决；协议不成的，由人民法院根据双方的具体情况，照顾女方和子女权益的原则判决。夫妻双方另有约定的除外。
At the time of divorce, the husband and the wife shall seek agreement regarding the disposition of their jointly possessed houses; if they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment in accordance with the actual circumstances of both parties and by taking into consideration the rights and interests of the wife and their child (children), except as otherwise agreed upon by the two parties.
夫妻共同租用的房屋，离婚时，女方的住房应当按照照顾女方和子女权益的原则协议解决。
In a case where the husband and wife jointly rent a house or a room, the wife's housing shall, at the time of divorce, be solved according to the principle of taking into consideration the rights and interests of the wife and their child (children).
夫妻居住男方单位的房屋，离婚时，女方无房居住的，男方有条件的应当帮助其解决。
In a case where the husband and wife live in a house allocated by the unit to which the husband belongs, if the wife has no housing to live in at the time of divorce, the husband shall help her in this regard whenever he can afford to.
第四十五条父母双方对未成年子女享有平等的监护权。
Article 45. Both parents shall enjoy the equal right to guardianship of their minor child (children).
父亲死亡、丧失行为能力或者有其他情形不能担任未成年子女的监护人的，母亲的监护权任何人不得干涉。
In a case where the father is deceased, incapacitated or under any other circumstances that make him unable to act as the guardian of a minor child (children), nobody may interfere with the mother's right of guardianship.
第四十六条离婚时，女方因实施绝育手术或者其他原因丧失生育能力的，处理子女抚养问题，应在有利子女权益的条件下，照顾女方的合理要求。
Article 46. At the time of divorce, if the wife becomes sterile because of the sterilization operation or any other reasons, the problem to bring up the child (children) shall be so handled that, while to the advantage of the rights and interests of the child (children), due consideration shall be given to the wife's reasonable demands.
第四十七条妇女有按照国家有关规定生育子女的权利，也有不生育的自由。
Article 47. Women have the right to child-bearing in accordance with relevant regulations of the state as well as the freedom not to bear any child.
育龄夫妻双方按照国家有关规定计划生育，有关部门应当提供安全、有效的避孕药具和技术，保障实施节育手术的妇女的健康和安全。
Where a couple of child-bearing age practise family planning according to the relevant regulations of the state, the departments concerned shall provide safe and effective contraceptives and techniques, and ensure the health and safety of the woman receiving any birth-control operation.
第八章法律责任
CHAPTER VIII LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
第四十八条妇女的合法权益受到侵害时，被侵害人有权要求有关主管部门处理，或者依法向人民法院提起诉讼。
Article 48. When a woman's lawful rights and interests are infringed upon, she has the right to request the competent department concerned for a disposition or bring a lawsuit in a people's court according to law.
妇女的合法权益受到侵害时，被侵害人可以向妇女组织投诉，妇女组织应当要求有关部门或者单位查处，保护被侵害妇女的合法权益。
When a woman's lawful rights and interests are infringed upon, she may file a complaint with a women's organization, which shall request the relevant department or unit to investigate and deal with the case so as to protect the lawful rights and interests of the complainant.
第四十九条违反本法规定侵害妇女合法权益，其他法律、法规已规定处罚的，依照该法律、法规的规定处罚。
Article 49. Where punishments are prescribed by other laws or regulations for the infringement upon the lawful rights and interests of women in violation of the provisions of this Law, punishments prescribed in such laws or regulations shall apply.
第五十条有下列侵害妇女合法权益情形之一的，由其所在单位或者上级机关责令改正，并可根据具体情况，对直接责任人员给予行政处分：
Article 50. Anyone who commits any of the following infringements upon the lawful rights and interests of a woman shall be ordered to make corrections by his or her unit or by an organ at a higher level, and the person who is held directly responsible may, in light of the specific circumstances, be subjected to administrative sanctions:
（一）对有关侵害妇女权益的申诉、控告、检举，推诿、拖延、压制不予查处的；
(1) evading, delaying or suppressing the investigation and disposition of a complaint, a charge or an exposure regarding an infringement upon the rights and interests of a woman;
（二）依照法律、法规规定，应当录用而拒绝录用妇女或者对妇女提高录用条件的；
(2) refusing to employ women or raising the employment standards for women where women shall be employed in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws or regulations;
（三）在分配住房和晋职、晋级、评定专业技术职务等方面，违反男女平等原则，侵害妇女合法权益的；
(3) infringing upon women's rights and interests by violating the principle of equality between men and women in such aspects as allotment of housing, promotion in post or in rank, evaluation and determination of professional and technological titles;
（四）以结婚、怀孕、产假、哺乳等为由辞退女职工的；
(4) dismissing female staff and workers by reason of their marriage, pregnancy, maternity leave, or baby-nursing;
（五）划分责任田、口粮田等，以及批准宅基地，违反男女平等原则，侵害妇女合法权益的；
(5) infringing upon women's rights and interests by violating the principle of equality between men and women in the allotment of responsibility farmland or grain ration farmland or the approval of housing sites; or
（六）在入学、升学、毕业分配、授予学位、派出留学等方面，违反男女平等原则，侵害妇女合法权益的。
(6) infringing upon women's rights and interests by violating the principle of equality between men and women in such aspects as starting school, entering a higher school, job assignment upon graduation, conferment of academic degrees or dispatch for study abroad.
对侵害妇女权益的行为提出申诉、控告、检举的人进行打击报复的，由其所在单位或者上级机关责令改正或者给予行政处分；国家工作人员进行打击报复构成犯罪的，依照刑法第一百四十六条的规定追究刑事责任。
Anyone who retaliates against a person making a complaint, a charge or an exposure regarding an infringement upon a woman's rights and interests shall be ordered to make corrections or be subjected to administrative sanctions by his or her unit or an organ at a higher level. If a state functionary commits retaliation, which constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions in Article 146 of the Criminal Law.
第五十一条雇用、容留妇女与他人进行猥亵活动的，比照治安管理处罚条例第十九条的规定处罚；情节严重，构成犯罪的，比照刑法第一百六十条的规定追究刑事责任。
Article 51. Anyone who employs or shelters any woman to engage in obscene activities with others shall be punished by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions in Article 19 of the Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security; if the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions in Article 160 of the Criminal Law.
第五十二条侵害妇女的合法权益，造成财产损失或者其他损害的，应当依法赔偿或者承担其他民事责任。
Article 52. Where an infringement upon a woman's lawful rights and interests causes loss of property or other damage, the infringer shall make due compensation or bear other civil liabilities according to law.
第九章附则
CHAPTER IX SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
第五十三条国务院有关部门可以根据本法制定有关条例，报国务院批准施行。
Article 53. Relevant departments under the State Council may, on the basis of this Law, formulate relevant regulations, which shall be submitted to the State Council for approval and then be implemented.
省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会常务委员会可以根据本法制定实施办法。
The standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may formulate measures for implementation on the basis of this Law.
民族自治地方的人民代表大会，可以依据本法规定的原则，结合当地民族妇女的具体情况，制定变通的或者补充的规定。自治区的规定，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案；自治州、自治县的规定，报省或者自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。
The people's congresses of national autonomous areas may formulate regulations with appropriate adaptations or supplements in accordance with the principles laid down in this Law and in light of the specific conditions of the national women in respective areas. Regulations formulated by autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record; regulations formulated by autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of the relevant provinces or autonomous regions for approval before entering into effect, and shall also be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.
第五十四条本法自１９９２年１０月１日起施行。
Article 54. This Law shall enter into force as of October 1, 1992.
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